What is a biofilm?

Biofilms begin to form when bacteria attach to a surface, such as a bucket or a wall. These bacteria start to multiply, creating even more bacteria. Over time, a slime layer called a matrix forms around the bacteria, protecting them from harm. Beneath the matrix, the bacteria continue to grow and reproduce. Eventually, the matrix breaks open, releasing the bacteria, which can then reattach to surfaces and restart the process. In this article, we’ll discuss where biofilms can be found on a dairy operation and how to effectively manage them.

Where on a dairy can biofilms be found?

In short, everywhere. Bacteria and their biofilms are part of the environment, and we encounter them both on and off the farm. On dairy operations, biofilms pose particular risks to calves. Common areas of concern include equipment such as bottles, pails, nipples, and housing. Biofilms can even form in feed mixing equipment. Simply washing equipment with soap between uses is not sufficient to remove biofilms. Proper cleaning should include washing followed by sanitization to effectively break down biofilms and protect your animals.

Detecting bacteria

Bacteria are microscopic, and most commercial dairies don’t have microscopes readily available. Instead, an ATP meter is an effective tool for detecting bacterial presence. ATP meters measure adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule produced and utilized by living cells for energy production. Detecting ATP on “clean” dairy equipment indicates the presence of live bacteria. These bacteria can grow, multiply, and eventually form biofilms if not properly managed.

Biofilms in the calf

Within a calf’s intestinal tract, biofilms are constantly being formed and broken down. Some biofilm-producing bacteria are natural to the calf’s intestines and promote healthy digestion. However, exposure to bacteria from contaminated equipment can disrupt the intestinal microflora, leading to sickness. During this disruption, pathogenic bacteria may establish themselves and form biofilms in the intestines, making them difficult to remove. The most notable pathogenic bacteria include E. coli, Salmonella, and Clostridia. The best way to limit these and other harmful bacteria in the intestinal tract is to fortify the calf’s natural microflora.

Probiotics

Probiotics are one of the most effective tools for modifying and fortifying the intestinal tract against pathogenic biofilms. These are live bacteria or yeast that promote immune function and nutrient absorption in the animal. Beneficial bacteria and yeast compete with pathogens for resources, preventing them from growing and forming biofilms. Additionally, probiotics can create positive biofilms in the intestines, shielding the calf from incoming pathogens.Most common probiotics are bacterial species of Bacillus and Lactobacillus, and yeast.

Common probiotics include bacterial species like Bacillus and Lactobacillus, as well as yeast. These strains compete with pathogens by preventing their attachment to the intestinal wall and competing for nutrients. Some probiotics even exhibit antimicrobial activity, which can further inhibit pathogen growth. The industry is flooded with probiotics and immune enhancing additives, and it can be cumbersome and confusing to try and sort through the different species, strains, and types to decide which one is best for your calves. Fortunately, Esmilco has carefully selected strains of bacteria and yeast to give your calves the best edge in health and performance

Essential oils

In recent years, essential oils have transitioned from being seen as a novelty to a valuable tool for enhancing immune protection and improving performance. Essential oils have demonstrated the ability to limit pathogen adhesion to the intestinal wall. For example, oregano oil has been shown to break down the biofilm layer of pathogenic bacteria. This breakdown has led to improved feed efficiency and reduced instances of diarrhea.

Conclusion

Biofilms on the farm pose a constant risk in calf rearing. Successfully managing them requires a combination of effective cleaning practices, management strategies, and proper nutrition. By addressing biofilms, you can help protect your calves from pathogenic bacteria and optimize their performance. Work with your Esmilco representative and management team to determine the best solutions for giving your calves the advantage they need.